Introduction
Intrusion detection is a critical component of cybersecurity, protecting networks from unauthorized access, cyberattacks, and malicious activities. Traditional intrusion detection systems (IDS) rely on rule-based methods, but with evolving cyber threats, machine learning (ML) has emerged as a powerful approach to enhance accuracy, speed, and adaptability.
This article explores machine learning-based intrusion detection systems (ML-IDS), detailing:
- Dataset preprocessing & feature selection
- ML models used for intrusion detection
- Performance evaluation & comparison
By leveraging ML, organizations can significantly improve threat detection, reduce false positives, and enhance real-time security responses.
1. Understanding Machine Learning-Based Intrusion Detection
What is Intrusion Detection?
An Intrusion Detection System (IDS) monitors network traffic for suspicious activities and alerts administrators about potential attacks.
IDS can be classified into:
✅ Signature-Based IDS – Detects attacks using predefined patterns but struggles with new or evolving threats.
✅ Anomaly-Based IDS – Uses machine learning to detect deviations from normal behavior, identifying zero-day attacks.
Why Use Machine Learning for Intrusion Detection?
High Accuracy: ML models learn from vast datasets to improve detection.
Adaptability: Unlike static rule-based IDS, ML-based IDS evolve with new attack patterns.
Reduced False Positives: ML refines detection by reducing incorrect alerts.
Real-Time Analysis: ML speeds up anomaly detection for quick response.
2. Dataset Preprocessing & Feature Selection
2.1. Loading & Preparing the Dataset
A high-quality dataset is essential for training an ML-based IDS. In this experiment, we used a CSV-based dataset containing train and test data, including 42 columns such as:
Duration, Protocol Type, Service, Flag, Source Bytes, Destination Bytes
Traffic Behavior Indicators (e.g., Count, Same Service Rate, Destination Host Count)
Class Labels: Normal (Benign) vs. Anomaly (Attack)
✅ Data Cleaning: Checked for missing values, duplicate records, and inconsistencies.
✅ Data Encoding: Converted categorical values (e.g., protocol types) into numerical values using Label Encoding.
2.2. Feature Selection Using Random Forest Classifier
Since not all 42 features contribute equally to intrusion detection, we used the Random Forest algorithm to select the top 10 most relevant features:
Protocol Type
Service
Flag
Source Bytes & Destination Bytes
Count & Same Service Rate
Different Service Rate
Destination Host Service Count
Destination Host Same Service Rate
These features were used to train machine learning models for intrusion detection.
3. Machine Learning Models for Intrusion Detection
To evaluate ML-based intrusion detection, we used three supervised learning algorithms:
1️⃣ Logistic Regression
2️⃣ K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN)
3️⃣ Decision Tree Classifier
3.1. Logistic Regression
Logistic Regression is a baseline model for classification tasks, estimating the probability of an event occurring.
Training Time: 0.09 seconds
Testing Time: 0.002 seconds
Accuracy: 92%
✅ Strengths: Fast & interpretable model.
❌ Limitations: May struggle with complex decision boundaries.
3.2. K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN)
KNN clusters similar data points, classifying a data point based on its nearest neighbors.
Training Accuracy: 98%
Testing Accuracy: 98%
✅ Strengths: Works well for well-separated classes.
❌ Limitations: Slower for large datasets due to distance calculations.
3.3. Decision Tree Classifier
Decision trees create a hierarchical model, splitting data based on feature importance.
Training Accuracy: 100%
Testing Accuracy: 99%
✅ Strengths: Best performing model, excellent feature selection.
❌ Limitations: Prone to overfitting (needs pruning).
4. Model Performance Comparison
| Model | Training Accuracy | Testing Accuracy | Time Taken (s) |
| Logistic Regression | 92% | 92% | 0.09 |
| KNN | 98% | 98% | 0.02 |
| Decision Tree | 100% | 99% | 0.02 |
Key Insights:
Decision Tree outperforms both Logistic Regression and KNN, achieving near-perfect classification.
Logistic Regression is fast but less accurate for complex attacks.
KNN achieves high accuracy but is computationally expensive for large datasets.
5. Evaluating Precision & Recall for Intrusion Detection
Precision: Measures how many detected intrusions were actually attacks.
Recall: Measures how many actual attacks were correctly identified.
| Model | Precision | Recall | F1 Score |
| Logistic Regression | 0.92 | 0.92 | 0.92 |
| KNN | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 |
| Decision Tree | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.99 |
✅ Decision Tree is the best performer with highest precision and recall.
✅ KNN also performs well, but may struggle with large datasets.
6. Final Thoughts & Future Directions
6.1. Best Model for Intrusion Detection
The Decision Tree classifier was the best-performing model, achieving high accuracy, fast computation, and effective feature selection.
6.2. Future Improvements
Hyperparameter Tuning: Optimize Decision Trees using pruning and boosting techniques.
Deep Learning Models: Explore Neural Networks & LSTMs for advanced detection.
Real-Time IDS Deployment: Implement ML-IDS in real-world networks for continuous monitoring.
7. Conclusion
Machine Learning Intrusion Detection significantly enhances network security by detecting cyber threats with high accuracy.
Decision Tree performed best (99% accuracy).
ML models improve over traditional IDS, reducing false positives.
Future advancements in AI and deep learning will further improve intrusion detection capabilities.
What’s Next?
Want to implement ML-based IDS? Start by training models on real-world datasets like NSL-KDD or CIC-IDS.
What are your thoughts on ML for intrusion detection? Share your insights in the comments below!
